fivefingers
  Club Mosses, Horsetails
 
CLUB MOSSES

The club mosses are small, creeping, plants, which lack flowers and reproduce sexually by spores and has horizontal underground stem(  Rhizome)
 
The sporophyte consists of true roots, an aerial stem and scale-like leaves

. These are small and spirally arranged on an elongated stem.

Terminal cluster of leaves called strobilli that are club shaped  and bear sporangia
 
Lycopodium deuterodensum
Lycopodium d


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Horse tails

   Equisetaceae, a family  of Vascular plants that reproduce by Spores rather than seeds.

the stems are coated with abrasive , Silicates making them useful for (cleaning) metal items such as cooking pots or drinking mugs,

If eaten in large quantities, the foliage of some species is Poison to grazing animals

plants the Leaves are greatly reduced and usually nonPhoto synthetic

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MONOCOTS DICOTS
Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons
Pollen with single furrow or pore Pollen with three furrows or pores
Flower parts in multiples of three Flower parts in multiples of four or five
Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated
Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring
Roots are adventitious Roots develop from radicle
Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present


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Helianthis Dicot stem

Biology - 71.125
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Tilia Stem

Introductory Biology: Lab 9 for 71.125 - Shoot, Stem andBiology - 71.125


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Zea Stem

Biology - 71.125


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Syringa Leaf
The palisade mesophyll produces carbohydrates by photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll below has numerous air spaces to allow gas exchange between the mesophyll and the outside air via the stomata. The upper and lower cuticle protect the leaf from water, sealing water inside and preventing excess rainwater from entering. The upper and lower epidermis produce the cuticle and protect the leaf from herbivores and parasites. The xylem transports water into the leaf while the phloem begins the sugar transport down to the roots. The guard cells open and close the stoma, which is the small air space between them







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Difference between gymnosperm and angiosperms
1.      The angiosperms are seed bearing plants whose seeds are contained in an ovary inside a fruit.  The gymnosperms are those whose seeds are exposed and not enclosed in an ovule.
2. The angiosperms are those plants that have triploid tissues while the gymnosperms have haploid.
3. The leaves of the angiosperms are flat while those of the gymnosperms are cone bearing or needle like.
4. The gymnosperms are known as softwood as they have the ability to last during the winter while the angiosperms are known as hardwood and usually changes color during and die.
2.       
 
 
The following table describes the major types of fruits:
 
Simple Fruits
(derived from a single ovary)
Pericarp Fleshy
Pericarp Indehiscent
(does not split open when ripe)
Pericarp Dehiscent
(splits open when ripe)
Drupe, Pome, Berry, Pepo
Akene, Nut, Caryopsis
Legume, Silique, Capsule, Follicle
Multiple Fruit
(derived from the varies of several flowers united into a single mass)
Strawberry, Blackberry, Raspberry
Aggregate Fruit
(derived from numerous ovaries of a single flower that are scattered over a single receptacle and later unite to form a single fruit)
Pineapple
 






 
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